mmap-0.2.2

2 files changed, 1900 insertions, 12 deletions

diff --git a/extconf.rb b/extconf.rb
index 5f2e6ce..79bcfae 100644
--- a/extconf.rb
+++ b/extconf.rb
@@ -3,16 +3,14 @@ ARGV.collect! {|x| x.sub(/^--with-mmap-prefix=/, "--with-mmap-dir=") }
 
 require 'mkmf'
 
-
-def resolve(key)
-   name = key.dup
-   true while name.gsub!(/\$\((\w+)\)/) { CONFIG[$1] }
-   name
-end
-
-if ! find_library(resolve(CONFIG["LIBRUBY"]).sub(/^lib(.*)\.\w+\z/, '\\1'), 
-                  "ruby_init", resolve(CONFIG["archdir"]))
-   raise "can't find -lruby"
+if unknown = enable_config("unknown")
+   libs = if CONFIG.key?("LIBRUBYARG_STATIC")
+	     Config::expand(CONFIG["LIBRUBYARG_STATIC"].dup).sub(/^-l/, '')
+	  else
+	     Config::expand(CONFIG["LIBRUBYARG"].dup).sub(/^lib([^.]*).*/, '\\1')
+	  end
+   unknown = find_library(libs, "ruby_init", 
+			  Config::expand(CONFIG["archdir"].dup))
 end
 
 dir_config("mmap")
@@ -27,13 +25,17 @@ begin
       next if FileTest.directory?(x)
       make.print "\truby tests/#{x}\n"
    end
-   make.print <<-EOT
+   if unknown
+      make.print <<-EOT
 
 unknown: $(DLLIB)
 \t@echo "main() {}" > /tmp/a.c
-\t$(CC) -static /tmp/a.c $(OBJS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(DLDFLAGS) #{CONFIG["LIBS"]} $(LIBS) $(LOCAL_LIBS)
+\t$(CC) -static /tmp/a.c $(OBJS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(LIBPATH) $(LIBS) $(LOCAL_LIBS)
 \t@-rm /tmp/a.c a.out
 
+EOT
+   end
+   make.print <<-EOT
 %.html: %.rd
 \trd2 $< > ${<:%.rd=%.html}
 
diff --git a/tmp/mmap b/tmp/mmap
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa04f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tmp/mmap
@@ -0,0 +1,1886 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <rubyio.h>
+#include <intern.h>
+#include "version.h"
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE < 180
+#define StringValue(x) do {				\
+    if (TYPE(x) != T_STRING) x = rb_str_to_str(x);	\
+} while (0)
+#define StringValuePtr(x) STR2CSTR(x)
+#define SafeStringValue(x) Check_SafeStr(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MADV_NORMAL
+#ifdef POSIX_MADV_NORMAL
+#define MADV_NORMAL     POSIX_MADV_NORMAL 
+#define MADV_RANDOM     POSIX_MADV_RANDOM 
+#define MADV_SEQUENTIAL POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL
+#define MADV_WILLNEED   POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED
+#define MADV_DONTNEED   POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED
+#define madvise posix_madvise
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#include <re.h>
+
+#define BEG(no) regs->beg[no]
+#define END(no) regs->end[no]
+
+#ifndef MMAP_RETTYPE
+#ifndef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
+#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 199309
+#endif /* !_POSIX_C_SOURCE */
+#ifdef _POSIX_VERSION
+#if _POSIX_VERSION >= 199309
+#define MMAP_RETTYPE void *
+#endif /* _POSIX_VERSION >= 199309 */
+#endif /* _POSIX_VERSION */
+#endif /* !MMAP_RETTYPE */
+
+#ifndef MMAP_RETTYPE
+#define MMAP_RETTYPE caddr_t
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MAP_FAILED
+#define MAP_FAILED ((caddr_t)-1)
+#endif /* !MAP_FAILED */
+
+#ifndef MAP_ANON
+#ifdef MAP_ANONYMOUS
+#define MAP_ANON MAP_ANONYMOUS
+#endif
+#endif
+
+static VALUE mm_cMap;
+
+#define EXP_INCR_SIZE 4096
+
+typedef struct {
+    MMAP_RETTYPE addr;
+    int smode, pmode, vscope;
+    int advice, flag;
+    size_t len, real, incr;
+    off_t offset;
+    VALUE io;
+    char *path;
+} mm_mmap;
+
+static void
+mm_mark(t_mm)
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(t_mm->io);
+}
+
+static void
+mm_free(t_mm)
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+{
+    if (t_mm->path) {
+	munmap(t_mm->addr, t_mm->len);
+	if (t_mm->path != (char *)-1) {
+	    if (t_mm->real < t_mm->len && t_mm->vscope != MAP_PRIVATE &&
+		truncate(t_mm->path, t_mm->real) == -1) {
+		free(t_mm->path);
+		free(t_mm);
+		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "truncate");
+	    }
+	    free(t_mm->path);
+	}
+    }
+    free(t_mm);
+}
+
+#define MM_MODIFY 1
+#define MM_ORIGIN 2
+#define MM_CHANGE (MM_MODIFY | 4)
+#define MM_PROTECT 8
+
+#define MM_FROZEN (1<<0)
+#define MM_FIXED  (1<<1)
+#define MM_ANON   (1<<2)
+#define MM_LOCK   (1<<3)
+
+#define GetMmap(obj, t_mm, t_modify)				\
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, mm_mmap, t_mm);			\
+    if (!t_mm->path) {						\
+	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "unmapped file");			\
+    }								\
+    if ((t_modify & MM_MODIFY) && (t_mm->flag & MM_FROZEN)) {	\
+	rb_error_frozen("mmap");				\
+    }
+
+static VALUE
+mm_unmap(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, 0);
+    if (t_mm->path) {
+	munmap(t_mm->addr, t_mm->len);
+	if (t_mm->path != (char *)-1) {
+	    if (t_mm->real < t_mm->len && t_mm->vscope != MAP_PRIVATE &&
+		truncate(t_mm->path, t_mm->real) == -1) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "truncate");
+	    }
+	    free(t_mm->path);
+	}
+	t_mm->path = '\0';
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_freeze(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    rb_obj_freeze(obj);
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, 0);
+    t_mm->flag |= MM_FROZEN;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_str(obj, modify)
+    VALUE obj;
+    int modify;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, modify & ~MM_ORIGIN);
+    if (modify & MM_MODIFY) {
+	if (t_mm->flag & MM_FROZEN) rb_error_frozen("mmap");
+	if (!OBJ_TAINTED(ret) && rb_safe_level() >= 4)
+	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't modify mmap");
+    }
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+    ret = rb_obj_alloc(rb_cString);
+    if (rb_obj_tainted(obj)) {
+	OBJ_TAINT(ret);
+    }
+#else
+    if (rb_obj_tainted(obj)) {
+	ret = rb_tainted_str_new2("");
+    }
+    else {
+	ret = rb_str_new2("");
+    }
+    free(RSTRING(ret)->ptr);
+#endif
+    RSTRING(ret)->ptr = t_mm->addr;
+    RSTRING(ret)->len = t_mm->real;
+    if (modify & MM_ORIGIN) {
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 172
+	RSTRING(ret)->aux.shared = ret;
+	FL_SET(ret, ELTS_SHARED);
+#else
+	RSTRING(ret)->orig = ret;
+#endif
+    }
+    if (t_mm->flag & MM_FROZEN) {
+	ret = rb_obj_freeze(ret);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_to_str(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    return mm_str(obj, MM_ORIGIN);
+}
+ 
+extern char *ruby_strdup();
+
+static void
+mm_expandf(t_mm, len)
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    long len;
+{
+    int fd;
+
+    if (t_mm->vscope == MAP_PRIVATE) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expand for a private map");
+    }
+    if (t_mm->flag & MM_FIXED) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expand for a fixed map");
+    }
+    if (!t_mm->path || t_mm->path == (char *)-1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "expand for an anonymous map");
+    }
+    if (munmap(t_mm->addr, t_mm->len)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "munmap failed");
+    }
+    if ((fd = open(t_mm->path, t_mm->smode)) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Can't open %s", t_mm->path);
+    }
+    if (len > t_mm->len) {
+	if (lseek(fd, len - t_mm->len - 1, SEEK_END) == -1) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Can't lseek %d", len - t_mm->len - 1);
+	}
+	if (write(fd, "\000", 1) != 1) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Can't extend %s", t_mm->path);
+	}
+    }
+    else if (len < t_mm->len && truncate(t_mm->path, len) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Can't truncate %s", t_mm->path);
+    }
+    t_mm->addr = mmap(0, len, t_mm->pmode, t_mm->vscope, fd, t_mm->offset);
+    close(fd);
+    if (t_mm->addr == MAP_FAILED) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "mmap failed");
+    }
+#ifdef MADV_NORMAL
+    if (t_mm->advice && madvise(t_mm->addr, len, t_mm->advice) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "madvise(%d)", errno);
+    }
+#endif
+    if ((t_mm->flag & MM_LOCK) && mlock(t_mm->addr, len) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "mlock(%d)", errno);
+    }
+    t_mm->len  = len;
+}
+
+static void
+mm_realloc(t_mm, len)
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    long len;
+{
+    if (t_mm->flag & MM_FROZEN) rb_error_frozen("mmap");
+    if (len > t_mm->len) {
+	if ((len - t_mm->len) < t_mm->incr) {
+	    len = t_mm->len + t_mm->incr;
+	}
+	mm_expandf(t_mm, len);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_extend(obj, a)
+    VALUE obj, a;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    long len;
+
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    len = NUM2LONG(a);
+    if (len > 0) {
+	mm_expandf(t_mm, t_mm->len + len);
+    }
+    return INT2NUM(t_mm->len);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_i_options(arg, obj)
+    VALUE arg, obj;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    char *options;
+    VALUE key, value;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, mm_mmap, t_mm);
+    key = rb_ary_entry(arg, 0);
+    value = rb_ary_entry(arg, 1);
+    key = rb_obj_as_string(key);
+    options = StringValuePtr(key);
+    if (strcmp(options, "length") == 0) {
+	t_mm->len = NUM2INT(value);
+	if (t_mm->len <= 0) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid value for length %d", t_mm->len);
+	}
+	t_mm->flag |= MM_FIXED;
+    }
+    else if (strcmp(options, "offset") == 0) {
+	t_mm->offset = NUM2INT(value);
+	if (t_mm->offset < 0) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid value for offset %d", t_mm->offset);
+	}
+	t_mm->flag |= MM_FIXED;
+    }
+    else if (strcmp(options, "advice") == 0) {
+	t_mm->advice = NUM2INT(value);
+    }
+    else if (strcmp(options, "increment") == 0) {
+	t_mm->incr = NUM2INT(value);
+	if (t_mm->incr < 0) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid value for increment %d", t_mm->incr);
+	}
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 172
+static VALUE
+mm_s_alloc(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE res;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    res = Data_Make_Struct(obj, mm_mmap, mm_mark, mm_free, t_mm);
+    t_mm->incr = EXP_INCR_SIZE;
+    return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 172
+mm_init(argc, argv, obj)
+#else
+mm_s_new(argc, argv, obj)
+#endif
+    VALUE obj, *argv;
+    int argc;
+{
+    struct stat st;
+    int fd, smode, pmode, vscope, perm, init;
+    MMAP_RETTYPE addr;
+    VALUE res, fname, fdv, vmode, scope, options;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    char *path, *mode;
+    size_t size = 0;
+    off_t offset;
+    int anonymous;
+
+    options = Qnil;
+    if (argc > 1 && TYPE(argv[argc - 1]) == T_HASH) {
+	options = argv[argc - 1];
+	argc--;
+    }
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &fname, &vmode, &scope);
+    vscope = 0;
+    path = 0;
+    fd = -1;
+    anonymous = 0;
+    fdv = Qnil;
+#ifdef MAP_ANON
+    if (NIL_P(fname)) {
+	vscope = MAP_ANON | MAP_SHARED;
+	anonymous = 1;
+    }
+    else 
+#endif
+    {
+	if (rb_safe_level() > 0 && OBJ_TAINTED(fname)){
+	    rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure operation");
+	}
+	rb_secure(4);
+	if (rb_respond_to(fname, rb_intern("fileno"))) {
+	    fdv = rb_funcall2(fname, rb_intern("fileno"), 0, 0);
+	}
+	if (NIL_P(fdv)) {
+	    fname = rb_str_to_str(fname);
+	    SafeStringValue(fname);
+	    path = StringValuePtr(fname);
+	}
+	else {
+	    fd = NUM2INT(fdv);
+	    if (fd < 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid file descriptor %d", fd);
+	    }
+	}
+	if (!NIL_P(scope)) {
+	    vscope = NUM2INT(scope);
+#ifdef MAP_ANON
+	    if (vscope & MAP_ANON) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "filename specified for an anonymous map");
+	    }
+#endif
+	}
+    }
+    vscope |= NIL_P(scope) ? MAP_SHARED : NUM2INT(scope);
+    size = 0;
+    perm = 0666;
+    if (!anonymous) {
+	if (NIL_P(vmode)) {
+	    mode = "r";
+	}
+	else if (TYPE(vmode) == T_ARRAY && RARRAY(vmode)->len >= 2) {
+	    VALUE tmp = RARRAY(vmode)->ptr[0];
+	    mode = StringValuePtr(tmp);
+	    perm = NUM2INT(RARRAY(vmode)->ptr[1]);
+	}
+	else {
+	    mode = StringValuePtr(vmode);
+	}
+	if (strcmp(mode, "r") == 0) {
+	    smode = O_RDONLY;
+	    pmode = PROT_READ;
+	}
+	else if (strcmp(mode, "w") == 0) {
+	    smode = O_WRONLY;
+	    pmode = PROT_WRITE;
+	    if (!NIL_P(fdv)) {
+		pmode |= PROT_READ;
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (strcmp(mode, "rw") == 0 || strcmp(mode, "wr") == 0) {
+	    smode = O_RDWR;
+	    pmode = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
+	}
+	else if (strcmp(mode, "a") == 0) {
+	    smode = O_RDWR | O_CREAT;
+	    pmode = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
+	}
+	else {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid mode %s", mode);
+	}
+	if (NIL_P(fdv)) {
+	    if ((fd = open(path, smode, perm)) == -1) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Can't open %s", path);
+	    }
+	}
+	if (fstat(fd, &st) == -1) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Can't stat %s", path);
+	}
+	size = st.st_size;
+    }
+    else {
+	fd = -1;
+	if (!NIL_P(vmode) && TYPE(vmode) != T_STRING) {
+	    size = NUM2INT(vmode);
+	}
+    }
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 172
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, mm_mmap, t_mm);
+    res = obj;
+#else
+    res = Data_Make_Struct(obj, mm_mmap, mm_mark, mm_free, t_mm);
+    t_mm->incr = EXP_INCR_SIZE;
+#endif
+    offset = 0;
+    if (options != Qnil) {
+	rb_iterate(rb_each, options, mm_i_options, res);
+	if (path && (t_mm->len + t_mm->offset) > st.st_size) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid value for length (%d) or offset (%d)",
+		     t_mm->len, t_mm->offset);
+	}
+	if (t_mm->len) size = t_mm->len;
+	offset = t_mm->offset;
+    }
+    init = 0;
+    if (anonymous) {
+	if (size <= 0) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "length not specified for an anonymous map");
+	}
+	if (offset) {
+	    rb_warning("Ignoring offset for an anonymous map");
+	    offset = 0;
+	}
+	smode = O_RDWR;
+	pmode = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
+	t_mm->flag |= MM_FIXED;
+    }
+    else {
+	if (size == 0 && (smode & O_RDWR)) {
+	    if (lseek(fd, t_mm->incr - 1, SEEK_END) == -1) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Can't lseek %d", t_mm->incr - 1);
+	    }
+	    if (write(fd, "\000", 1) != 1) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "Can't extend %s", path);
+	    }
+	    init = 1;
+	    size = t_mm->incr;
+	}
+	if (!NIL_P(fdv)) {
+	    t_mm->flag |= MM_FIXED;
+	}
+    }
+    addr = mmap(0, size, pmode, vscope, fd, offset);
+    if (NIL_P(fdv) && !anonymous) {
+	close(fd);
+    }
+    if (addr == MAP_FAILED || !addr) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "mmap failed (%d)", errno);
+    }
+#ifdef MADV_NORMAL
+    if (t_mm->advice && madvise(addr, size, t_mm->advice) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "madvise(%d)", errno);
+    }
+#endif
+    t_mm->addr  = addr;
+    t_mm->len = size;
+    if (!init) t_mm->real = size;
+    t_mm->pmode = pmode;
+    t_mm->vscope = vscope;
+    t_mm->smode = smode;
+    t_mm->path = (path)?ruby_strdup(path):(char *)-1;
+    if (!NIL_P(fdv)) {
+	t_mm->io = fname;
+    }
+    if (smode == O_RDONLY) {
+	res = rb_obj_freeze(res);
+	t_mm->flag |= MM_FROZEN;
+    }
+    else {
+	OBJ_TAINT(res);
+    }
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE < 172
+    rb_obj_call_init(res, argc, argv);
+#endif
+    return res;
+}
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE < 171
+static VALUE
+mm_init(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return obj;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+static VALUE
+mm_msync(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    VALUE oflag;
+    int ret;
+    int flag = MS_SYNC;
+
+    if (argc) {
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &oflag);
+	flag = NUM2INT(oflag);
+    }
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    if ((ret = msync(t_mm->addr, t_mm->len, flag)) != 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "msync(%d)", ret);
+    }
+    if (t_mm->real < t_mm->len && t_mm->vscope != MAP_PRIVATE)
+	mm_expandf(t_mm, t_mm->real);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_mprotect(obj, a)
+    VALUE obj, a;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    int ret, pmode;
+    char *smode;
+
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, 0);
+    if (TYPE(a) == T_STRING) {
+	smode = StringValuePtr(a);
+	if (strcmp(smode, "r") == 0) pmode = PROT_READ;
+	else if (strcmp(smode, "w") == 0) pmode = PROT_WRITE;
+	else if (strcmp(smode, "rw") == 0 || strcmp(smode, "wr") == 0)
+	    pmode = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
+	else {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid mode %s", smode);
+	}
+    }
+    else {
+	pmode = NUM2INT(a);
+    }
+    if ((pmode & PROT_WRITE) && (t_mm->flag & MM_FROZEN)) 
+	rb_error_frozen("mmap");
+    if ((ret = mprotect(t_mm->addr, t_mm->len, pmode)) != 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "mprotect(%d)", ret);
+    }
+    t_mm->pmode = pmode;
+    if (pmode & PROT_READ) {
+	if (pmode & PROT_WRITE) t_mm->smode = O_RDWR;
+	else {
+	    t_mm->smode == O_RDONLY;
+	    if (t_mm->vscope == MAP_PRIVATE) {
+		obj = rb_obj_freeze(obj);
+		t_mm->flag |= MM_FROZEN;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    else if (pmode & PROT_WRITE) {
+	t_mm->smode == O_WRONLY;
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+
+#ifdef MADV_NORMAL
+static VALUE
+mm_madvise(obj, a)
+    VALUE obj, a;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, 0);
+    if (madvise(t_mm->addr, t_mm->len, NUM2INT(a)) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "madvise(%d)", errno);
+    }
+    t_mm->advice = NUM2INT(a);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+#endif
+
+#define StringMmap(b, bp, bl)						   \
+do {									   \
+    if (TYPE(b) == T_DATA && RDATA(b)->dfree == (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)mm_free) { \
+	mm_mmap *b_mm;							   \
+	GetMmap(b, b_mm, 0);						   \
+	bp = b_mm->addr;						   \
+	bl = b_mm->real;						   \
+    }									   \
+    else {								   \
+	bp = StringValuePtr(b);						   \
+	bl = RSTRING(b)->len;						   \
+    }									   \
+} while (0);
+
+static void
+mm_update(str, beg, len, val)
+    mm_mmap *str;
+    VALUE val;
+    long beg;
+    long len;
+{
+    char *valp;
+    long vall;
+
+    if (str->flag & MM_FROZEN) rb_error_frozen("mmap");
+    if (len < 0) rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "negative length %d", len);
+    if (beg < 0) {
+	beg += str->real;
+    }
+    if (beg < 0 || str->real < beg) {
+	if (beg < 0) {
+	    beg -= str->real;
+	}
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %d out of string", beg);
+    }
+    if (str->real < beg + len) {
+	len = str->real - beg;
+    }
+
+    StringMmap(val, valp, vall);
+
+    if ((str->flag & MM_FIXED) && vall != len) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "try to change the size of a fixed map");
+    }
+    if (len < vall) {
+	mm_realloc(str, str->real + vall - len);
+    }
+
+    if (vall != len) {
+	memmove(str->addr + beg + vall,
+		str->addr + beg + len,
+		str->real - (beg + len));
+    }
+    if (str->real < beg && len < 0) {
+	MEMZERO(str->addr + str->real, char, -len);
+    }
+    if (vall > 0) {
+	memmove(str->addr+beg, valp, vall);
+    }
+    str->real += vall - len;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_match(x, y)
+    VALUE x, y;
+{
+    VALUE reg, res;
+    long start;
+
+    x = mm_str(x, MM_ORIGIN);
+    if (TYPE(y) == T_DATA && RDATA(y)->dfree == (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)mm_free) {
+	y = mm_to_str(y);
+    }
+    switch (TYPE(y)) {
+      case T_REGEXP:
+	res = rb_reg_match(y, x);
+	break;
+
+      case T_STRING:
+	reg = rb_reg_regcomp(y);
+	start = rb_reg_search(reg, x, 0, 0);
+	if (start == -1) res = Qnil;
+	else res = INT2NUM(start);
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	res = rb_funcall(y, rb_intern("=~"), 1, x);
+	break;
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+get_pat(pat)
+    VALUE pat;
+{
+    switch (TYPE(pat)) {
+      case T_REGEXP:
+	break;
+
+      case T_STRING:
+	pat = rb_reg_regcomp(pat);
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	/* type failed */
+	Check_Type(pat, T_REGEXP);
+    }
+    return pat;
+}
+
+static int
+mm_correct_backref(t_mm)
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+{
+    VALUE match;
+    struct re_registers *regs;
+    int i, start;
+
+    match = rb_backref_get();
+    if (NIL_P(match)) return 0;
+    if (RMATCH(match)->BEG(0) == -1) return 0;
+    start = RMATCH(match)->BEG(0);
+    RMATCH(match)->str = rb_str_new(StringValuePtr(RMATCH(match)->str) + start,
+				    RMATCH(match)->END(0) - start);
+    if (OBJ_TAINTED(match)) OBJ_TAINT(RMATCH(match)->str);
+    for (i = 0; i < RMATCH(match)->regs->num_regs && RMATCH(match)->BEG(i) != -1; i++) {
+	RMATCH(match)->BEG(i) -= start;
+	RMATCH(match)->END(i) -= start;
+    }
+    rb_backref_set(match);
+    return start;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_sub_bang(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE pat, repl, match, str, res;
+    struct re_registers *regs;
+    int start, iter = 0;
+    int tainted = 0;
+    long plen;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    if (argc == 1 && rb_block_given_p()) {
+	iter = 1;
+    }
+    else if (argc == 2) {
+	repl = rb_str_to_str(argv[1]);
+	if (OBJ_TAINTED(repl)) tainted = 1;
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong # of arguments(%d for 2)", argc);
+    }
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    str = mm_str(obj, MM_MODIFY | MM_ORIGIN);
+
+    pat = get_pat(argv[0]);
+    res = Qnil;
+    if (rb_reg_search(pat, str, 0, 0) >= 0) {
+	start = mm_correct_backref(t_mm);
+	match = rb_backref_get();
+	regs = RMATCH(match)->regs;
+	if (iter) {
+	    rb_match_busy(match);
+	    repl = rb_obj_as_string(rb_yield(rb_reg_nth_match(0, match)));
+	    rb_backref_set(match);
+	}
+	else {
+	    RSTRING(str)->ptr += start;
+	    repl = rb_reg_regsub(repl, str, regs);
+	    RSTRING(str)->ptr -= start;
+	}
+	if (OBJ_TAINTED(repl)) tainted = 1;
+	plen = END(0) - BEG(0);
+	if (RSTRING(repl)->len > plen) {
+	    mm_realloc(t_mm, RSTRING(str)->len + RSTRING(repl)->len - plen);
+	    RSTRING(str)->ptr = t_mm->addr;
+	}
+	if (RSTRING(repl)->len != plen) {
+	    if (t_mm->flag & MM_FIXED) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "try to change the size of a fixed map");
+	    }
+	    memmove(RSTRING(str)->ptr + start + BEG(0) + RSTRING(repl)->len,
+		    RSTRING(str)->ptr + start + BEG(0) + plen,
+		    RSTRING(str)->len - start - BEG(0) - plen);
+	}
+	memcpy(RSTRING(str)->ptr + start + BEG(0),
+	       RSTRING(repl)->ptr, RSTRING(repl)->len);
+	t_mm->real += RSTRING(repl)->len - plen;
+	if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(obj);
+
+	res = obj;
+    }
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(str);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_gsub_bang(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE pat, val, repl, match, str;
+    struct re_registers *regs;
+    long beg, offset;
+    int start, iter = 0;
+    int tainted = 0;
+    long plen;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    if (argc == 1 && rb_block_given_p()) {
+	iter = 1;
+    }
+    else if (argc == 2) {
+	repl = rb_str_to_str(argv[1]);
+	if (OBJ_TAINTED(repl)) tainted = 1;
+    }
+    else {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong # of arguments(%d for 2)", argc);
+    }
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    str = mm_str(obj, MM_MODIFY | MM_ORIGIN);
+
+    pat = get_pat(argv[0]);
+    offset = 0;
+    beg = rb_reg_search(pat, str, 0, 0);
+    if (beg < 0) {
+	rb_gc_force_recycle(str);
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+    while (beg >= 0) {
+	start = mm_correct_backref(t_mm);
+	match = rb_backref_get();
+	regs = RMATCH(match)->regs;
+	if (iter) {
+	    rb_match_busy(match);
+	    val = rb_obj_as_string(rb_yield(rb_reg_nth_match(0, match)));
+	    rb_backref_set(match);
+	}
+	else {
+	    RSTRING(str)->ptr += start;
+	    val = rb_reg_regsub(repl, str, regs);
+	    RSTRING(str)->ptr -= start;
+	}
+	if (OBJ_TAINTED(repl)) tainted = 1;
+	plen = END(0) - BEG(0);
+	if ((t_mm->real + RSTRING(val)->len - plen) > t_mm->len) {
+	    mm_realloc(t_mm, RSTRING(str)->len + RSTRING(val)->len - plen);
+	}
+	if (RSTRING(val)->len != plen) {
+	    if (t_mm->flag & MM_FIXED) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "try to change the size of a fixed map");
+	    }
+	    memmove(RSTRING(str)->ptr + start + BEG(0) + RSTRING(val)->len,
+		    RSTRING(str)->ptr + start + BEG(0) + plen,
+		    RSTRING(str)->len - start - BEG(0) - plen);
+	}
+	memcpy(RSTRING(str)->ptr + start + BEG(0),
+	       RSTRING(val)->ptr, RSTRING(val)->len);
+	RSTRING(str)->len += RSTRING(val)->len - plen;
+	t_mm->real = RSTRING(str)->len;
+	if (BEG(0) == END(0)) {
+	    offset = start + END(0) + mbclen2(RSTRING(str)->ptr[END(0)], pat);
+	    offset += RSTRING(val)->len - plen;
+	}
+	else {
+	    offset = start + END(0) + RSTRING(val)->len - plen;
+	}
+	if (offset > RSTRING(str)->len) break;
+	beg = rb_reg_search(pat, str, offset, 0);
+    }
+    rb_backref_set(match);
+    if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(obj);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(str);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE mm_index __((int, VALUE *, VALUE));
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+
+static VALUE
+mm_subpat_set(obj, re, offset, val)
+    VALUE obj, re;
+    int offset;
+    VALUE val;
+{
+    VALUE str, match;
+    int start, end, len;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    
+    str = mm_str(obj, MM_MODIFY | MM_ORIGIN);
+    if (rb_reg_search(re, str, 0, 0) < 0) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "regexp not matched");
+    }
+    match = rb_backref_get();
+    if (offset >= RMATCH(match)->regs->num_regs) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %d out of regexp", offset);
+    }
+
+    start = RMATCH(match)->BEG(offset);
+    if (start == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "regexp group %d not matched", offset);
+    }
+    end = RMATCH(match)->END(offset);
+    len = end - start;
+    GetMmap(str, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    mm_update(t_mm, start, len, val);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+mm_aset(str, indx, val)
+    VALUE str;
+    VALUE indx, val;
+{
+    long idx, beg;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(str, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    switch (TYPE(indx)) {
+      case T_FIXNUM:
+      num_index:
+	idx = NUM2INT(indx);
+	if (idx < 0) {
+	    idx += t_mm->real;
+	}
+	if (idx < 0 || t_mm->real <= idx) {
+	    rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "index %d out of string", idx);
+	}
+	if (FIXNUM_P(val)) {
+	    if (t_mm->real == idx) {
+		t_mm->real += 1;
+		mm_realloc(t_mm, t_mm->real);
+	    }
+	    ((char *)t_mm->addr)[idx] = NUM2INT(val) & 0xff;
+	}
+	else {
+	    mm_update(t_mm, idx, 1, val);
+	}
+	return val;
+
+      case T_REGEXP:
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+	  mm_subpat_set(str, 0, indx, val);
+#else 
+        {
+	    VALUE args[2];
+	    args[0] = indx;
+	    args[1] = val;
+	    mm_sub_bang(2, args, str);
+	}
+#endif
+	return val;
+
+      case T_STRING:
+	beg = mm_index(1, &indx, str);
+	if (beg != -1) {
+	    mm_update(t_mm, beg, RSTRING(indx)->len, val);
+	}
+	return val;
+
+      default:
+	/* check if indx is Range */
+	{
+	    long beg, len;
+	    if (rb_range_beg_len(indx, &beg, &len, t_mm->real, 2)) {
+		mm_update(t_mm, beg, len, val);
+		return val;
+	    }
+	}
+	idx = NUM2LONG(indx);
+	goto num_index;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_aset_m(argc, argv, str)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE str;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(str, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    if (argc == 3) {
+	long beg, len;
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+	if (TYPE(argv[0]) == T_REGEXP) {
+	    mm_subpat_set(str, argv[0], NUM2INT(argv[1]), argv[2]);
+	}
+	else
+#endif
+	{
+	    beg = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
+	    len = NUM2INT(argv[1]);
+	    mm_update(t_mm, beg, len, argv[2]);
+	}
+	return argv[2];
+    }
+    if (argc != 2) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong # of arguments(%d for 2)", argc);
+    }
+    return mm_aset(str, argv[0], argv[1]);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_insert(str, idx, str2)
+    VALUE str, idx, str2;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    long pos = NUM2LONG(idx);
+
+    GetMmap(str, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    if (pos == -1) {
+	pos = RSTRING(str)->len;
+    }
+    else if (pos < 0) {
+	pos++;
+    }
+    mm_update(t_mm, pos, 0, str2);
+    return str;
+}
+
+static VALUE mm_aref_m _((int, VALUE *, VALUE));
+
+static VALUE
+mm_slice_bang(argc, argv, str)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE str;
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    VALUE buf[3];
+    int i;
+
+    if (argc < 1 || 2 < argc) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong # of arguments(%d for 1)", argc);
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+	buf[i] = argv[i];
+    }
+    buf[i] = rb_str_new(0,0);
+    result = mm_aref_m(argc, buf, str);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 168
+    if (!NIL_P(result)) {
+#endif
+	mm_aset_m(argc+1, buf, str);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 168
+    }
+#endif
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_cat(str, ptr, len)
+    VALUE str;
+    const char *ptr;
+    long len;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+    char *sptr;
+
+    GetMmap(str, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    if (len > 0) {
+	int poffset = -1;
+	sptr = (char *)t_mm->addr;
+
+	if (sptr <= ptr &&
+	    ptr < sptr + t_mm->real) {
+	    poffset = ptr - sptr;
+	}
+	mm_realloc(t_mm, t_mm->real + len);
+	sptr = (char *)t_mm->addr;
+	if (ptr) {
+	    if (poffset >= 0) ptr = sptr + poffset;
+	    memcpy(sptr + t_mm->real, ptr, len);
+	}
+	t_mm->real += len;
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_append(str1, str2)
+    VALUE str1, str2;
+{
+    str2 = rb_str_to_str(str2);
+    str1 = mm_cat(str1, StringValuePtr(str2), RSTRING(str2)->len);
+    return str1;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_concat(str1, str2)
+    VALUE str1, str2;
+{
+    if (FIXNUM_P(str2)) {
+	int i = FIX2INT(str2);
+	if (0 <= i && i <= 0xff) { /* byte */
+	    char c = i;
+	    return mm_cat(str1, &c, 1);
+	}
+    }
+    str1 = mm_append(str1, str2);
+    return str1;
+}
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE < 171
+
+static VALUE
+mm_strip_bang(str)
+    VALUE str;
+{
+    char *s, *t, *e;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(str, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    s = (char *)t_mm->addr;
+    e = t = s + t_mm->real;
+    while (s < t && ISSPACE(*s)) s++;
+    t--;
+    while (s <= t && ISSPACE(*t)) t--;
+    t++;
+
+    if (t_mm->real != (t - s) && (t_mm->flag & MM_FIXED)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "try to change the size of a fixed map");
+    }
+    t_mm->real = t-s;
+    if (s > (char *)t_mm->addr) { 
+	memmove(t_mm->addr, s, t_mm->real);
+	((char *)t_mm->addr)[t_mm->real] = '\0';
+    }
+    else if (t < e) {
+	((char *)t_mm->addr)[t_mm->real] = '\0';
+    }
+    else {
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+#else
+
+static VALUE
+mm_lstrip_bang(str)
+    VALUE str;
+{
+    char *s, *t, *e;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(str, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    s = (char *)t_mm->addr;
+    e = t = s + t_mm->real;
+    while (s < t && ISSPACE(*s)) s++;
+
+    if (t_mm->real != (t - s) && (t_mm->flag & MM_FIXED)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "try to change the size of a fixed map");
+    }
+    t_mm->real = t - s;
+    if (s > (char *)t_mm->addr) { 
+	memmove(t_mm->addr, s, t_mm->real);
+	((char *)t_mm->addr)[t_mm->real] = '\0';
+	return str;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_rstrip_bang(str)
+    VALUE str;
+{
+    char *s, *t, *e;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(str, t_mm, MM_MODIFY);
+    s = (char *)t_mm->addr;
+    e = t = s + t_mm->real;
+    t--;
+    while (s <= t && ISSPACE(*t)) t--;
+    t++;
+    if (t_mm->real != (t - s) && (t_mm->flag & MM_FIXED)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "try to change the size of a fixed map");
+    }
+    t_mm->real = t - s;
+    if (t < e) {
+	((char *)t_mm->addr)[t_mm->real] = '\0';
+	return str;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_strip_bang(str)
+    VALUE str;
+{
+    VALUE l = mm_lstrip_bang(str);
+    VALUE r = mm_rstrip_bang(str);
+
+    if (NIL_P(l) && NIL_P(r)) return Qnil;
+    return str;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+#define MmapStr(b, recycle)						    \
+do {									    \
+    recycle = 0;							    \
+    if (TYPE(b) == T_DATA &&  RDATA(b)->dfree == (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)mm_free) { \
+	recycle = 1;							    \
+	b = mm_str(b, MM_ORIGIN);					    \
+    }									    \
+    else {								    \
+	b = rb_str_to_str(b);						    \
+    }									    \
+} while (0);
+ 
+ 
+static VALUE
+mm_cmp(a, b)
+    VALUE a, b;
+{
+    int result;
+    int recycle = 0;
+
+    a = mm_str(a, MM_ORIGIN);
+    MmapStr(b, recycle);
+    result = rb_str_cmp(a, b);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(a);
+    if (recycle) rb_gc_force_recycle(b);
+    return INT2FIX(result);
+}
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+
+static VALUE
+mm_casecmp(a, b)
+    VALUE a, b;
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    int recycle = 0;
+
+    a = mm_str(a, MM_ORIGIN);
+    MmapStr(b, recycle);
+    result = rb_funcall2(a, rb_intern("casecmp"), 1, &b);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(a);
+    if (recycle) rb_gc_force_recycle(b);
+    return result;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+mm_equal(a, b)
+    VALUE a, b;
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    
+    if (a == b) return Qtrue;
+    if (TYPE(b) != T_DATA || RDATA(b)->dfree != (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)mm_free)
+	return Qfalse;
+
+    a = mm_str(a, MM_ORIGIN);
+    b = mm_str(b, MM_ORIGIN);
+    result = rb_funcall2(a, rb_intern("=="), 1, &b);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(a);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(b);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_eql(a, b)
+    VALUE a, b;
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    
+    if (a == b) return Qtrue;
+    if (TYPE(b) != T_DATA || RDATA(b)->dfree != (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)mm_free)
+	return Qfalse;
+
+    a = mm_str(a, MM_ORIGIN);
+    b = mm_str(b, MM_ORIGIN);
+    result = rb_funcall2(a, rb_intern("eql?"), 1, &b);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(a);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(b);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_hash(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    VALUE b;
+    int res;
+
+    b = mm_str(a, MM_ORIGIN);
+    res = rb_str_hash(b);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(b);
+    return INT2FIX(res);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_size(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(a, t_mm, 0);
+    return INT2NUM(t_mm->real);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_empty(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(a, t_mm, 0);
+    if (t_mm->real == 0) return Qtrue;
+    return Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_protect_bang(t)
+    VALUE *t;
+{
+    return rb_funcall2(t[0], (ID)t[1], (int)t[2], (VALUE *)t[3]);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_recycle(str)
+    VALUE str;
+{
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(str);
+    return str;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_bang_i(obj, flag, id, argc, argv)
+    VALUE obj, *argv;
+    int flag, id, argc;
+{
+    VALUE str, res;
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, 0);
+    if ((flag & MM_CHANGE) && (t_mm->flag & MM_FIXED)) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "try to change the size of a fixed map");
+    }
+    str = mm_str(obj, flag);
+    if (flag & MM_PROTECT) {
+	VALUE tmp[4];
+	tmp[0] = str;
+	tmp[1] = (VALUE)id;
+	tmp[2] = (VALUE)argc;
+	tmp[3] = (VALUE)argv;
+	res = rb_ensure(mm_protect_bang, (VALUE)tmp, mm_recycle, str);
+    }
+    else {
+	res = rb_funcall2(str, id, argc, argv);
+	rb_gc_force_recycle(str);
+    }
+    if (res == Qnil) return res;
+    GetMmap(obj, t_mm, 0);
+    t_mm->real = RSTRING(str)->len;
+    return (flag & MM_ORIGIN)?res:obj;
+
+}
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 180
+
+static VALUE
+mm_match_m(a, b)
+    VALUE a, b;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("match"), 1, &b);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static VALUE
+mm_upcase_bang(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_MODIFY, rb_intern("upcase!"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_downcase_bang(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_MODIFY, rb_intern("downcase!"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_capitalize_bang(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_MODIFY, rb_intern("capitalize!"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_swapcase_bang(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_MODIFY, rb_intern("swapcase!"), 0, 0);
+}
+ 
+static VALUE
+mm_reverse_bang(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_MODIFY, rb_intern("reverse!"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_chop_bang(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_CHANGE, rb_intern("chop!"), 0, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_inspect(a)
+    VALUE a;
+{
+    return rb_any_to_s(a);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_chomp_bang(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_CHANGE | MM_PROTECT, rb_intern("chomp!"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_delete_bang(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_CHANGE | MM_PROTECT, rb_intern("delete!"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_squeeze_bang(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_CHANGE | MM_PROTECT, rb_intern("squeeze!"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_tr_bang(obj, a, b)
+    VALUE obj, a, b;
+{
+    VALUE tmp[2];
+    tmp[0] = a;
+    tmp[1] = b;
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_MODIFY | MM_PROTECT, rb_intern("tr!"), 2, tmp);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_tr_s_bang(obj, a, b)
+    VALUE obj, a, b;
+{
+    VALUE tmp[2];
+    tmp[0] = a;
+    tmp[1] = b;
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_CHANGE | MM_PROTECT, rb_intern("tr_s!"), 2, tmp);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_crypt(a, b)
+    VALUE a, b;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("crypt"), 1, &b);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_include(a, b)
+    VALUE a, b;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(a, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("include?"), 1, &b);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_index(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("index"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_rindex(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("rindex"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_aref_m(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("[]"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_sum(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("sum"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_split(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("split"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_count(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    return mm_bang_i(obj, MM_ORIGIN, rb_intern("count"), argc, argv);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_internal_each(tmp)
+    VALUE *tmp;
+{
+    return rb_funcall2(tmp[0], (ID)tmp[1], (int)tmp[2], (VALUE *)tmp[3]);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_scan(obj, a)
+    VALUE obj, a;
+{
+    VALUE tmp[4];
+
+    if (!rb_block_given_p()) {
+	return rb_funcall(mm_str(obj, MM_ORIGIN), rb_intern("scan"), 1, a);
+    }
+    tmp[0] = mm_str(obj, MM_ORIGIN);
+    tmp[1] = (VALUE)rb_intern("scan");
+    tmp[2] = (VALUE)1;
+    tmp[3] = (VALUE)&a;
+    rb_iterate(mm_internal_each, (VALUE)tmp, rb_yield, 0);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_each_line(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE obj, *argv;
+{
+    VALUE tmp[4];
+
+    tmp[0] = mm_str(obj, MM_ORIGIN);
+    tmp[1] = (VALUE)rb_intern("each_line");
+    tmp[2] = (VALUE)argc;
+    tmp[3] = (VALUE)argv;
+    rb_iterate(mm_internal_each, (VALUE)tmp, rb_yield, 0);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_each_byte(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE obj, *argv;
+{
+    VALUE tmp[4];
+
+    tmp[0] = mm_str(obj, MM_ORIGIN);
+    tmp[1] = (VALUE)rb_intern("each_byte");
+    tmp[2] = (VALUE)argc;
+    tmp[3] = (VALUE)argv;
+    rb_iterate(mm_internal_each, (VALUE)tmp, rb_yield, 0);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_undefined(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv, obj;
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eNameError, "not yet implemented");
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_mlockall(obj, flag)
+    VALUE obj, flag;
+{
+    if (mlockall(NUM2INT(flag)) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "mlockall(%d)", errno);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_munlockall(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    if (munlockall() == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "munlockall(%d)", errno);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_mlock(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, mm_mmap, t_mm);
+    if (t_mm->flag & MM_LOCK) {
+	return obj;
+    }
+    if (mlock(t_mm->addr, t_mm->len) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "mlock(%d)", errno);
+    }
+    t_mm->flag |= MM_LOCK;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+mm_munlock(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    mm_mmap *t_mm;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, mm_mmap, t_mm);
+    if (!(t_mm->flag & MM_LOCK)) {
+	return obj;
+    }
+    if (munlock(t_mm->addr, t_mm->len) == -1) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "munlock(%d)", errno);
+    }
+    t_mm->flag &= ~MM_LOCK;
+    return obj;
+}
+
+void
+Init_mmap()
+{
+    if (rb_const_defined_at(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Mmap"))) {
+	rb_raise(rb_eNameError, "class already defined");
+    }
+    mm_cMap = rb_define_class("Mmap", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MS_SYNC", INT2FIX(MS_SYNC));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MS_ASYNC", INT2FIX(MS_ASYNC));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MS_INVALIDATE", INT2FIX(MS_INVALIDATE));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "PROT_READ", INT2FIX(PROT_READ));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "PROT_WRITE", INT2FIX(PROT_WRITE));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "PROT_EXEC", INT2FIX(PROT_EXEC));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "PROT_NONE", INT2FIX(PROT_NONE));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_SHARED", INT2FIX(MAP_SHARED));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_PRIVATE", INT2FIX(MAP_PRIVATE));
+#ifdef MADV_NORMAL
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MADV_NORMAL", INT2FIX(MADV_NORMAL));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MADV_RANDOM", INT2FIX(MADV_RANDOM));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MADV_SEQUENTIAL", INT2FIX(MADV_SEQUENTIAL));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MADV_WILLNEED", INT2FIX(MADV_WILLNEED));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MADV_DONTNEED", INT2FIX(MADV_DONTNEED));
+#endif
+#ifdef MAP_DENYWRITE
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_DENYWRITE", INT2FIX(MAP_DENYWRITE));
+#endif
+#ifdef MAP_EXECUTABLE
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_EXECUTABLE", INT2FIX(MAP_EXECUTABLE));
+#endif
+#ifdef MAP_NORESERVE
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_NORESERVE", INT2FIX(MAP_NORESERVE));
+#endif
+#ifdef MAP_LOCKED
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_LOCKED", INT2FIX(MAP_LOCKED));
+#endif
+#ifdef MAP_GROWSDOWN
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_GROWSDOWN", INT2FIX(MAP_GROWSDOWN));
+#endif
+#ifdef MAP_ANON
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_ANON", INT2FIX(MAP_ANON));
+#endif
+#ifdef MAP_ANONYMOUS
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_ANONYMOUS", INT2FIX(MAP_ANONYMOUS));
+#endif
+#ifdef MAP_NOSYNC
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MAP_NOSYNC", INT2FIX(MAP_NOSYNC));
+#endif
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MCL_CURRENT", INT2FIX(MCL_CURRENT));
+    rb_define_const(mm_cMap, "MCL_FUTURE", INT2FIX(MCL_FUTURE));
+
+    rb_include_module(mm_cMap, rb_mComparable);
+    rb_include_module(mm_cMap, rb_mEnumerable);
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 172
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 180
+    rb_define_alloc_func(mm_cMap, mm_s_alloc);
+#else
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mm_cMap, "allocate", mm_s_alloc, 0);
+#endif
+#else
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mm_cMap, "new", mm_s_new, -1);
+#endif
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mm_cMap, "mlockall", mm_mlockall, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mm_cMap, "lockall", mm_mlockall, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mm_cMap, "munlockall", mm_munlockall, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(mm_cMap, "unlockall", mm_munlockall, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "initialize", mm_init, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "unmap", mm_unmap, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "munmap", mm_unmap, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "msync", mm_msync, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "sync", mm_msync, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "flush", mm_msync, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "mprotect", mm_mprotect, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "protect", mm_mprotect, 1);
+#ifdef MADV_NORMAL
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "madvise", mm_madvise, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "advise", mm_madvise, 1);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "mlock", mm_mlock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "lock", mm_mlock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "munlock", mm_munlock, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "unlock", mm_munlock, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "extend", mm_extend, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "freeze", mm_freeze, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "clone", mm_undefined, -1);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 180
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "initialize_copy", mm_undefined, -1);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "dup", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "<=>", mm_cmp, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "==", mm_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "===", mm_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "eql?", mm_eql, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "hash", mm_hash, 0);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "casecmp", mm_casecmp, 1);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "+", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "*", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "%", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "[]", mm_aref_m, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "[]=", mm_aset_m, -1);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "insert", mm_insert, 2);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "length", mm_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "size", mm_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "empty?", mm_empty, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "=~", mm_match, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "~", mm_undefined, -1);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 180
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "match", mm_match_m, 1);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "succ", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "succ!", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "next", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "next!", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "upto", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "index", mm_index, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "rindex", mm_rindex, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "replace", mm_undefined, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "to_i", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "to_f", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "to_sym", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "to_s", rb_any_to_s, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "to_str", mm_to_str, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "inspect", mm_inspect, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "dump", mm_undefined, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "upcase", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "downcase", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "capitalize", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "swapcase", mm_undefined, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "upcase!", mm_upcase_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "downcase!", mm_downcase_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "capitalize!", mm_capitalize_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "swapcase!", mm_swapcase_bang, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "hex", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "oct", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "split", mm_split, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "reverse", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "reverse!", mm_reverse_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "concat", mm_concat, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "<<", mm_concat, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "crypt", mm_crypt, 1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "intern", mm_undefined, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "include?", mm_include, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "scan", mm_scan, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "ljust", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "rjust", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "center", mm_undefined, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "sub", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "gsub", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "chop", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "chomp", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "strip", mm_undefined, -1);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "lstrip", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "rstrip", mm_undefined, -1);
+#endif
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "sub!", mm_sub_bang, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "gsub!", mm_gsub_bang, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "strip!", mm_strip_bang, 0);
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE >= 171
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "lstrip!", mm_lstrip_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "rstrip!", mm_rstrip_bang, 0);
+#endif
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "chop!", mm_chop_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "chomp!", mm_chomp_bang, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "tr", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "tr_s", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "delete", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "squeeze", mm_undefined, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "count", mm_count, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "tr!", mm_tr_bang, 2);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "tr_s!", mm_tr_s_bang, 2);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "delete!", mm_delete_bang, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "squeeze!", mm_squeeze_bang, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "each_line", mm_each_line, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "each", mm_each_line, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "each_byte", mm_each_byte, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "sum", mm_sum, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "slice", mm_aref_m, -1);
+    rb_define_method(mm_cMap, "slice!", mm_slice_bang, -1);
+}